Standard C++ library(includes C++11 Library)
The standard C++ Library consists of two types:
i)C++ standard library. and
ii)C standard Library.
C++ library
This library comes with the C++ compiler and they are part of the standard C++ language. They are written using class and template.We can divide them into multiple types based on their functionality.
Input output stream library:I/O stream library deals with the input and output of data.Input and output of data can be perform either through monitor or through files. The I/O headers included in C++ are : <iostream>,<istream> ,<ostream> , <fstream> , <iomanip> , <ios> , <iosfwd> , <streambuf> , <sstream> and <strstream>. We will discuss more about this in I/O stream chapter.
String:The header <string> is used to include this library.The main function of this library is manipulation of string.More about this library will be discuss in the chapter String.
Containers,iterators and algorithm:Containers create a storage to hold a collection of objects. They are like array except their size is not fixed and can be increased. Iterators are used to access and manipulate the containers. The headers included are: <vector> , <map> , <array> , <unordered_map> , <unordered_set> , <set> , <stack> , <queue> , <bitset> , <deque> , <forward> and <list>.
Algorithm consists of width variety of functions that can perform operations on template library using an iterators. The header <algorithm> is used to include the function present in this library. Some of the functions of <algorithm> library are binary_search , count , remove_copy, count_if, remove_copy_if, equal, equal_range, replace , fill , replace_copy , replace_copy_if , find, replace_if, find_if,reverse_copy, generate, set_difference, lexicographical_compare, sort_heap, swap , unique_copy,etc .More about his libarary and it’s functions will be discuss in the Chapter Container , iterators and Algorithm.
Locale Library: This library allows the programmer to implement C++ for various cultural diversities.For instance printing out string in another language or conversion between different currencies.The header <locale> is use to include the library.
Diagnostic Library:As the name suggests this library diagnose the errors in our programs. To use diagnostic library include <exception> , <stdexcept> or <cassert> (derive from C library).
Language Support Library: Such library support the C++ language implicitly. Programmers using features like new , delete, exception handling, RTTI,etc. calls the library indirectly. The headers are <exception> , <limits>, <new> and <typeinfo>.
Numerics Library : Numerics library provides programmer with some functions that will help in numerical operation. The operations involving sequence of numbers, complex number and array as a whole can be dealt with using this library. The headers for this library are <numeric> , <complex> and <valarray>.
General utility: The header’s are <memory> , <functionality> and <utility>. These libraries can perform operations on objects, so they are mainly used by other standard library.
Multi-thread Library: A thread is nothing but a sequence of code, so multi-thread programming means running the code concurrently not simultaneously. C++ does not support this features but C++11 added this new library to support multi-threading in C++. We will discuss more about this later in the tutorial.
C standard library
This Libraries are acquired from Standard C language. The naming convention of these libraries are a bit different in C++. The header’s file name for any C standard has an extension of .h for instance #include <stdio.h> . However, while using in C++ the .h extension is omitted and ‘c‘ is added in front of the library header’s name. So stdio.h in C++ will be written as #include <cstdio> .The library of Standard C and their corresponding names in standard C++ are given below.
| C and C++ standard header | C++ standard headers |
| assert.h | <cassert> |
| ctype.h | <cctype> |
| errno.h | <cerrno> |
| fenv.h | <cfenv> |
| float.h | <cfloat> |
| inttypes | <cinttypes> |
| iso646.h | <ciso646> |
| limits.h | <climits> |
| locale.h | <clocale> |
| math.h | <cmath> |
| setjmp.h | <csetjmp> |
| signal.h | <csignal> |
| stdarg.h | <cstdarg> |
| stdbool.h | <cstdbool> |
| stddef.h | <cstddef> |
| stdint.h | <cstdint> |
| stdio.h | <cstdio> |
| stdlib.h | <cstdlib> |
| string.h | <cstring> |
| tgmath.h | <ctgmath> |
| time.h | <ctime> |
| uchar.h | <cuchar> |
| wchar.h | <cwchar> |
| wctype.h | <cwctype> |